The isotope actinium-226 undergoes both beta decay, with a half-life of 35.4 d, and electron capture, with a half-life of 173 d. What is the overall half-life for the radioactive decay of ?
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Explanation
draftFor a nuclide decaying by two independent parallel pathways, the total decay rate is the sum of the individual decay constants:
The overall half-life is then , which simplifies to the familiar “product over sum” (reciprocal-addition) relation:
Notice that combining two decay pathways always makes the overall half-life shorter than either individual half-life, since both processes are removing atoms simultaneously.
Correct: the decay constants add (rates are additive), so , giving 29.4 d — shorter than either individual half-life, as expected when two decay channels operate at once.
This value comes from mixing up the reciprocal-sum relation with a harmonic-mean-type formula that includes an extra factor of 2 (e.g. computing style expressions incorrectly), which inflates the true combined half-life.
This is simply the arithmetic mean of the two half-lives, d. Averaging half-lives directly is invalid because half-lives don't add linearly when combining independent decay pathways — only decay constants (rates) do.
This is just the sum of the two half-lives, d. Adding half-lives treats the decay pathways as if they occurred sequentially rather than simultaneously, and ignores that combining decay routes must shorten, not lengthen, the overall half-life.
USNCO 2022 National Part I exam, question 25. © American Chemical Society; reproduced for non-commercial practice.