valence
Practice
KineticsNational 2022

The isotope actinium-226 undergoes both beta decay, with a half-life of 35.4 d, and electron capture, with a half-life of 173 d. What is the overall half-life for the radioactive decay of X226X22226Ac\ce{^{226}Ac}?

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Explanation

draft

For a nuclide decaying by two independent parallel pathways, the total decay rate is the sum of the individual decay constants:

λtotal=λβ+λEC=ln⁡2t1/2,β+ln⁡2t1/2,EC\lambda_{total}=\lambda_{\beta}+\lambda_{EC}=\frac{\ln 2}{t_{1/2,\beta}}+\frac{\ln 2}{t_{1/2,EC}}

The overall half-life is then t1/2,total=ln⁡2λtotalt_{1/2,total}=\dfrac{\ln 2}{\lambda_{total}}, which simplifies to the familiar “product over sum” (reciprocal-addition) relation:

1t1/2,total=1t1/2,β+1t1/2,EC\frac{1}{t_{1/2,total}}=\frac{1}{t_{1/2,\beta}}+\frac{1}{t_{1/2,EC}}

t1/2,total=t1/2,β⋅t1/2,ECt1/2,β+t1/2,EC=35.4×17335.4+173=6124208.4≈29.4 dt_{1/2,total}=\frac{t_{1/2,\beta}\cdot t_{1/2,EC}}{t_{1/2,\beta}+t_{1/2,EC}}=\frac{35.4\times173}{35.4+173}=\frac{6124}{208.4}\approx29.4\text{ d}

Notice that combining two decay pathways always makes the overall half-life shorter than either individual half-life, since both processes are removing atoms simultaneously.

A

Correct: the decay constants add (rates are additive), so 1/t1/2,total=1/t1/2,β+1/t1/2,EC1/t_{1/2,total}=1/t_{1/2,\beta}+1/t_{1/2,EC}, giving 29.4 d — shorter than either individual half-life, as expected when two decay channels operate at once.

B

This value comes from mixing up the reciprocal-sum relation with a harmonic-mean-type formula that includes an extra factor of 2 (e.g. computing 2t1t2/(t1+t2)2t_1t_2/(t_1+t_2) style expressions incorrectly), which inflates the true combined half-life.

C

This is simply the arithmetic mean of the two half-lives, (35.4+173)/2≈104(35.4+173)/2\approx104 d. Averaging half-lives directly is invalid because half-lives don't add linearly when combining independent decay pathways — only decay constants (rates) do.

D

This is just the sum of the two half-lives, 35.4+173=208.435.4+173=208.4 d. Adding half-lives treats the decay pathways as if they occurred sequentially rather than simultaneously, and ignores that combining decay routes must shorten, not lengthen, the overall half-life.

Concept · Combining parallel radioactive decay pathways (additive decay constants)

USNCO 2022 National Part I exam, question 25. © American Chemical Society; reproduced for non-commercial practice.