Which statement best describes the relative Lewis acidity of and ?
16% of national qualifiers got this right
Explanation
draftKey idea: Simple electronegativity arguments predict should be the stronger Lewis acid (since F withdraws more electron density from B, leaving it more electron-poor). Experimentally, however, the opposite trend is observed: in Lewis acidity toward most bases.
Explanation via π-donation: Boron in is hybridized with an empty orbital perpendicular to the molecular plane. The halogen lone pairs can donate into this empty orbital, forming a partial bond that reduces the electron deficiency at boron.
- Fluorine's lone pairs match well in size and energy with boron's empty orbital, giving strong π-donation from F to B. This significantly quenches the Lewis acidity of boron in .
- Chlorine's lone pairs are larger and more diffuse, giving poorer orbital overlap with boron's orbital, so π-donation is weaker in .
Because enjoys more effective π back-donation, its boron center is less electron-deficient than expected from electronegativity alone, making the weaker Lewis acid of the two — despite F being more electronegative. Thus the correct explanation is the π-donation effect, not raw electronegativity.
Answer: (B)
Gets the acidity order right (BF3 weaker) but attributes it to electronegativity, which actually predicts the opposite trend — electronegativity alone would make BF3 the stronger acid.
Correct: BF3 is the weaker Lewis acid because F's lone pairs π-donate into boron's empty p orbital more effectively than Cl's, reducing boron's electron deficiency and lowering its acidity relative to BCl3.
Uses the naive electronegativity argument, which coincidentally points in the direction that fits intuition but gives the wrong overall order — experimentally BCl3, not BF3, is the stronger Lewis acid.
Correctly invokes π-donation as the reasoning but reverses the acidity order; stronger π-donation from F actually makes BF3 the weaker acid, not the stronger one.
USNCO 2024 National Part I exam, question 51. © American Chemical Society; reproduced for non-commercial practice.