valence
Practice
Bonding and molecular structureNational 2024

Which statement best describes the relative Lewis acidity of BFX3\ce{BF3} and BClX3\ce{BCl3}?

16% of national qualifiers got this right

Explanation

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Key idea: Simple electronegativity arguments predict BFX3\ce{BF3} should be the stronger Lewis acid (since F withdraws more electron density from B, leaving it more electron-poor). Experimentally, however, the opposite trend is observed: BClX3>BFX3\ce{BCl3} > \ce{BF3} in Lewis acidity toward most bases.

Explanation via π-donation: Boron in BXX3\ce{BX3} is sp2sp^2 hybridized with an empty pp orbital perpendicular to the molecular plane. The halogen lone pairs can donate into this empty orbital, forming a partial π\pi bond that reduces the electron deficiency at boron.

  • Fluorine's 2p2p lone pairs match well in size and energy with boron's empty 2p2p orbital, giving strong π-donation from F to B. This significantly quenches the Lewis acidity of boron in BFX3\ce{BF3}.
  • Chlorine's 3p3p lone pairs are larger and more diffuse, giving poorer orbital overlap with boron's 2p2p orbital, so π-donation is weaker in BClX3\ce{BCl3}.

Because BFX3\ce{BF3} enjoys more effective π back-donation, its boron center is less electron-deficient than expected from electronegativity alone, making BFX3\ce{BF3} the weaker Lewis acid of the two — despite F being more electronegative. Thus the correct explanation is the π-donation effect, not raw electronegativity.

Answer: (B)

A

Gets the acidity order right (BF3 weaker) but attributes it to electronegativity, which actually predicts the opposite trend — electronegativity alone would make BF3 the stronger acid.

B

Correct: BF3 is the weaker Lewis acid because F's lone pairs π-donate into boron's empty p orbital more effectively than Cl's, reducing boron's electron deficiency and lowering its acidity relative to BCl3.

C

Uses the naive electronegativity argument, which coincidentally points in the direction that fits intuition but gives the wrong overall order — experimentally BCl3, not BF3, is the stronger Lewis acid.

D

Correctly invokes π-donation as the reasoning but reverses the acidity order; stronger π-donation from F actually makes BF3 the weaker acid, not the stronger one.

Concept · Lewis acidity trends in boron trihalides (π back-donation effect)

USNCO 2024 National Part I exam, question 51. © American Chemical Society; reproduced for non-commercial practice.